According to a survey the Handbook Team conducted in 2023, more than two-thirds of men with erectile dysfunction (ED) feel ashamed about it and wait months before seeking medical help. It’s understandable that you may feel nervous discussing your sexual health, but avoiding your doctor only delays the start of safe, effective, and long-term treatment. You can’t get powerful pills like Viagra or Cialis over the counter (OTC), so it’s best to team up with your doctor and try proven medications in order to start feeling better about your sex life. 

It can be tough to ignore the allure of OTC ED pills when they’re readily accessible and claim to boost performance, stamina, libido, or size, but it’s important to remember that none of these statements are vetted by the FDA. In fact, the FDA has found dangerous hidden ingredients in some OTC erectile dysfunction pills, including over 25 Rhino products, a common brand of male sexual enhancement drugs. Men from a focus group we hosted also reported intolerable side effects from so-called gas station pills (which are male enhancement pills purchased from gas stations).

I’d go get the Rhinos, but it seemed like I was just getting sick and [my] mouth was watering all the time.

Focus group participant

It started with the gas station things. You go to the gas station like, ‘Oh, let me see if this works.’ And then it blows your head up, and you’re like, ‘Oh, it worked, but I can’t, I’m gonna die.’

Focus group participant

There’s some evidence that dietary supplements can support erectile function, typically by increasing testosterone. However, their success may depend on the root cause of your ED, and many aren’t safe for individuals with high blood pressure, diabetes, and other health concerns that commonly overlap ED. That’s why it’s critical to get your doctor’s approval before taking any OTC supplements for ED—even herbal ones.

Below, we’ll give you the pros and cons of some popular ED supplements, explain which OTC ED treatment options are considered safe and effective, and talk you through the difference between in-person and online ED care to help you make an informed decision.

Our recommended ED treatment platform
•
Convenient questionnaire
•
Discreet delivery
•
Responsive customer support
•
Not appropriate for people with larger health care concerns
Visit site

The HelpGuide Handbook for OTC ED treatments

If you only learn five things about OTC ED pills, here’s what you need to know:

OTC ED Treatments
Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, and Stendra are not available over the counter. Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, and Stendra are not available over the counter.
OTC ED pills, including dietary supplements, are not as effective or safe for long-term use as prescription pills. OTC ED pills, including dietary supplements, are not as effective or safe for long-term use as prescription pills.
Vacuum erectile devices and Eroxon Stimgel are effective OTC ED treatments. Vacuum erectile devices and Eroxon Stimgel are effective OTC ED treatments.
Making lifestyle changes can improve ED without medication. Making lifestyle changes can improve ED without medication.
The best way to treat erectile dysfunction is by visiting your doctor. The best way to treat erectile dysfunction is by visiting your doctor.

Can you get over-the-counter Viagra?

No, Viagra (sildenafil) is not available over-the-counter in the United States. Viagra requires a prescription because it’s dangerous when taken with certain medications (like blood pressure meds or nitrates) or by people with certain medical conditions (like heart disease). 

You may see misleading online advertisements from companies claiming to sell OTC Viagra. In reality, these are just telehealth platforms that allow you to request a Viagra prescription from an online provider. Although this process is simpler than visiting your doctor in person, it doesn’t make Viagra an OTC drug. 

Top erectile dysfunction prescription treatments

Pills known as PDE5 inhibitors are the first course of treatment most doctors prescribe for people with ED. These include:

If these medications don’t work or produce intolerable side effects, your doctor may prescribe penile injections or urethral suppositories. You may also need testosterone therapy or surgery. 

To learn more, read our full guide to erectile dysfunction diagnosis and treatment.

OTC erectile dysfunction supplements

This section on herbal supplements for ED has also been medically reviewed by Vanessa Ling, a licensed naturopathic doctor, certified nutrition specialist, and HelpGuide Handbook writer. 

Although the American Urological Association (AUA) also hasn’t approved any supplements to treat ED, scientists have studied quite a few herbs and amino acids to see if they can improve ED symptoms. In 2023, researchers from the University of Padova summarized the findings of studies exploring the relationship between supplements and ED. They concluded only eight dietary supplements improve erectile dysfunction:

  • Yohimbe (Corynanthe johimbe or Pausinystalia johimbe).
  • Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera).
  • Tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia).
  • Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng).
  • Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris).
  • Saffron (Crocus sativus).
  • Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster).
  • L-arginine.

Below, we’ll also discuss Vitamin D based on a recommendation from a member of our medical review board.

Warning

Some of these supplements are associated with serious adverse effects and aren’t safe to take long-term. In some cases, overdoses can cause death. Your health status and current medications could increase the risks associated with these supplements. Talk to your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

Wesley Yip, a urologist and assistant professor at City of Hope in Duarte, California, says most urologists don’t recommend OTC supplements for ED. “They are typically unregulated, and we never really know what goes into the products,” he says. “There’s anecdotal evidence behind a lot of them, but their safety and efficacy have not been thoroughly vetted.” 

To give you an idea of what’s out there and the risks involved, we’ve summarized the pros and cons of the supplements believed to be most effective for ED. But you should always consult your doctor before taking them. We realize some people may be looking into OTC erectile dysfunction treatments because they don’t feel comfortable talking to their doctor about sexual health. In that case, consider calling a local pharmacy or using a telehealth service to double-check whether the supplement is safe for you. 

It’s also important to exercise caution when combining supplements because some have similar side effects that may build on each other. A medical professional can check for any dangerous interactions. If they say it’s okay for you to take the supplement, ask for advice on sourcing a quality product. For starters, look for brands with certifications like cGMP, NSF, or USP. 

According to our survey

According to our survey of 360 men with ED, 35 percent tried treating their symptoms with supplements before being diagnosed by a provider.

Yohimbe (Corynanthe johimbe or Pausinystalia johimbe)

Warning

Yohimbe may cause heart attacks, seizures, and other serious adverse reactions.

The evergreen yohimbe tree grows in central and western Africa, where its fibrous bark has traditionally been used to treat low male libido. The Western world evaluated yohimbine—one of the plant’s main compounds—as a potential treatment for ED as early as 1987 when one study declared it as effective as sex therapy and marriage counseling in treating ED. Another 1987 study concluded that yohimbine had only “modest effectiveness” on ED. 

Yohimbe bark and its extracted compounds have been known to cause adverse side effects, including rapid heartbeat, anxiety, headaches, gastrointestinal distress, hypertension, allergic reactions, dizziness, heart attacks, and seizures. However, some studies suggest that yohimbine is generally well-tolerated and that adverse effects are rare. Proper dosing may lower the risk of side effects.

Unfortunately, it can be difficult to get the proper dose of yohimbine through an OTC supplement. In 2015, scientists tested the actual content of yohimbe supplements against their labeled ingredients and found alarming disparities, with some supplements containing 147 percent more yohimbine than advertised. This may explain why an analysis of the California Poison Control System found an increase in calls related to herbal yohimbine between 2000–2006.

Yohimbine shouldn’t be taken by people with cardiac disorders, high or low blood pressure, kidney or liver disease, mood disorders, ulcers, or glaucoma. 

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Warning

In rare cases, ashwagandha has been linked to liver failure.

Native to India and Southeast Asia, the ashwagandha shrub is also called Indian ginseng or winter cherry. It has a variety of uses in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, including as an aphrodisiac. It’s also believed to have stress-reducing and brain-enhancing effects, and contemporary studies support these claims. 

One study found ashwagandha root extract increased testosterone levels in men, which implies it could be useful in treating ED caused by low testosterone. However, no follow-up studies have confirmed this.  

Another study investigated whether ashwagandha could improve ED caused by psychological factors like anxiety, depression, and stress. No difference was found between the people who received the placebo and those who received ashwagandha. This doesn’t rule out ashwagandha as a supportive herb for ED with physical causes, though. 

Ashwagandha has been linked to liver disease in a small number of people after being taken in unknown quantities for two to 12 weeks. It should not be taken with benzodiazepine, barbituates, or anticonvulsants or by people with hyperthyroidism or hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Most people tolerate ashwagandha well for about three months. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and drowsiness.

Tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia)

Warning

Tongkat ali is not recommended for people with diabetes; heart, kidney, or liver disease; sleep apnea; or hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Tongkat ali is also known as longjack or Eurycoma longifolia. Native to Southeast Asia, it’s been dubbed “home-grown Viagra” in Malaysia thanks to its effect on erectile dysfunction. That nickname isn’t far from the truth—scientists detected a compound in tongkat ali that’s structurally similar to sildenafil, the active ingredient in Viagra. 

Studies have also demonstrated tongkat ali’s effect on other aspects of male sexual health, such as testosterone levels, sperm motility, and semen volume.   

Side effects of E. longifolia aren’t well-documented but may include insomnia, irritability, restlessness, headache, mild fever, or a rash. Taking tongkat ali with other immune-suppressing medications or supplements increases the risk of infection. Like other supplements that can increase testosterone, tongkat ali shouldn’t be taken by men with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. You also shouldn’t take it if you have diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, or sleep apnea.

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng)

Warning

Asian ginseng should not be used with several types of medications, including those that treat high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression.

Panax ginseng is found in the Korean peninsula and China, earning it the common names Asian ginseng and Korean red ginseng. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Asian ginseng is considered a cure-all. It’s also been identified as an adaptogen thanks to its ability to regulate the body’s response to stress. 

Several studies show Asian ginseng has a slight to significant effect on erectile dysfunction, libido, and premature ejaculation. Symptoms can improve after taking this supplement for just four weeks.  

Side effects of Asian ginseng include insomnia, headache, anxiety, euphoria, poor appetite, gastrointestinal issues, high or low blood pressure, breast pain, and increased heart rate. Taking Asian ginseng with food is recommended to avoid a sudden change in blood sugar. 

You shouldn’t take Asian ginseng if you also take these medications:

  • ACE inhibitors (a type of blood pressure medication).
  • Insulin and other diabetes medications.
  • Calcium channel blockers (a type of heart and blood pressure medication).
  • Immune-suppressing drugs.
  • Stimulants, including ADHD medications and caffeine.
  • MAOIs (a type of antidepressant).
  • Blood-thinners.
  • Morphine.
  • Diuretics.
  • Medications metabolized by the liver.

Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris)

Warning

Long-term use of T. terrestris can cause liver and kidney problems.

Tribulus terrestris—also known as caltrop, gokshura, or puncture vine—is a small yellow-flowered plant found in dry climates throughout the world. Puncture vine has long been used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac, fertility booster, and a tonic for sexual dysfunction in men and women. 

Studies show mixed results on the usefulness of T. terrestris for treating ED. Some evidence suggests puncture vine increases testosterone production through a compound called protodioscin, allowing it to improve ED caused by low testosterone. Other studies have found no difference between Tribulus and a placebo, and others suggest puncture vine supplements decrease testosterone production in men with sufficient testosterone levels.

If you believe your ED is caused by low testosterone and you hope to replicate the positive results of some studies, scientists recommend finding a supplement that uses Bulgarian Tribulus leaf extracts. Varieties from elsewhere in the world may not be as potent, and the leaves contain more protodioscin than the roots or fruits. 
Tribulus is believed to be well-tolerated when taken for about 12 weeks. Long-term use of this herbal supplement can cause liver problems. It can also cause gastrointestinal side effects and shouldn’t be taken with diuretics, high blood pressure medications, or anticoagulants. People with diabetes should also avoid taking T. terrestris supplements due to its effect on blood sugar. 

Saffron (Crocus sativus)

Warning

Saffron is poisonous or fatal in high doses.

The red “threads” of the saffron crocus, or Crocus sativus, are a popular culinary spice that also shows promise as a treatment for ED. A 2009 study found that saffron supplements increased the rigidity of nighttime erections in as little as 10 days. Another study found that saffron effectively treated ED caused by fluoxetine (Prozac). More recent studies have also shown that saffron may be able to treat ED. 

These positive results may have to do with saffron’s ability to support the cardiovascular and nervous systems, which must be healthy for men to get and maintain an erection. Research shows that saffron can also help people manage depression and anxiety, which can also contribute to ED.

Some people are allergic to saffron. Taking too much can be poisonous, with fatal results at extremely high doses. When taken in smaller amounts, side effects can include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache, appetite changes, dry mouth, and anxiety. Like many other herbs on this list, saffron shouldn’t be taken by people with heart conditions or low blood pressure. It can also cause euphoria in people with mood disorders. 

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)

Native to Mediterranean Europe, Pinus pinaster is a tree commonly known as maritime or cluster pine. Its bark contains a compound called pycnogenol, which has been shown to improve erectile function with relatively few side effects. Some people report gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, dizziness, or headache when taking pycnogenol.

Whereas other herbal supplements can raise blood sugar levels, P. pinaster extracts do not, making them a potentially safer choice for people with diabetes. However, this supplement may interact with some diabetes medications, so don’t start taking it without talking to your doctor. 

People with autoimmune and bleeding disorders shouldn’t take maritime pine supplements. Immune-suppressing drugs and anticoagulants may also interact with P. pinaster. 

L-arginine

Warning

L-arginine supplements can induce asthma attacks and herpes outbreaks in some people.

L-arginine is an amino acid that allows the body to produce nitric oxide, a critical chemical for erectile health. During arousal, the nitric oxide is released in the penis, causing blood vessels to relax and widen. An erection occurs as more blood flows through the vessels. 

Without sufficient L-arginine, the body can’t create enough nitric oxide to dilate the blood vessels in the penis. So, perhaps it’s no surprise that some studies show L-arginine supplements improve erectile function in people with mild to moderate ED. 

However, other studies suggest that L-arginine supplements work no better than a placebo.  

It may be necessary to take this supplement in high doses and for relatively long periods of time to see improvements in ED symptoms, which could explain why research gives contradictory results.

L-arginine is generally safe for most people, but you should consult your doctor before taking it if you take blood pressure medication; have allergies, asthma, or a history of cold sores or genital herpes; or have recently had a heart attack. Side effects of L-arginine supplements can include nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, gout, an allergic response, or an asthma attack.

Vitamin D

Warning

Too much vitamin D can cause kidney stones and dehydration.

Vitamin D is a hormone that’s produced by the body whenever our skin comes in contact with the sun’s UV rays. We also consume a small amount of Vitamin D in fatty fish and fortified processed foods. Vitamin D aids in the development of an erection by helping to stimulate the production of nitric oxide, the compound responsible for relaxing blood vessels in the penis so that blood can flow in. 

Studies have found that people with vitamin D deficiency are more likely to experience erectile dysfunction, and it may be linked to low testosterone and male infertility too. Jonathan L. Davila, a urologist at Northwell Health in Staten Island, New York, routinely checks vitamin D levels in patients with ED. “In doing this, I have found the incidence of vitamin D deficiency to be quite common in most patients with ED and/or testosterone deficiency,” he says. 

While a prescription is required for a form of the vitamin called D2, Davila says he also routinely recommends an OTC vitamin D3 supplement for people with a deficiency. Too much vitamin D in your bloodstream can cause side effects like kidney stones, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, and confusion, so monitoring your levels through routine blood work is important. 

Other non-prescription erectile dysfunction treatments

Most erectile dysfunction treatments require you to tell a doctor or therapist about your sexual health. Below, we’ve listed the few ED treatment options you can pursue without a prescription and without talking about your sex life—though we encourage you to do so.

Lifestyle changes

Vascular disease is the leading cause of ED. An erection’s hardness depends on how much blood flows into the penis and stays there. Leaky or weak blood vessels create erectile dysfunction. 

Fortunately, the vascular system can heal through a commitment to lifestyle changes. We’ll share some tips below, but developing a personalized game plan with your doctor is smart.  

Quit smoking

Smoking cigarettes makes you 1.5 to two times more likely to develop ED. According to several studies, kicking the habit improves ED symptoms within six to 12 months for 25–54 percent of smokers. Nicotine damages blood vessels, so quitting smoking gives them a chance to heal. 

Read our guide on how to quit smoking.

Eat a heart-healthy diet

Foods high in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids can damage blood vessels by sticking to the interior walls, effectively narrowing the vessels and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through them. Too much salt can raise blood pressure, and a sugar-laden diet can lead to chronic inflammation in the heart and blood vessels.  

Therefore, a heart-healthy diet emphasizes foods low in cholesterol, saturated fats, salt, and sugar. These include fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, olive oil, fish, and skinless poultry. Researchers have identified the Mediterranean diet as particularly good for erectile dysfunction because it incorporates many of these ingredients, allowing the vascular system to heal. 

Exercise

Physical activity has been shown to improve erectile dysfunction in multiple ways: improving cardiovascular health, decreasing stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety, improving body image, and increasing testosterone production. 

The current edition of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that the average adult engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise and two days of strength-training exercise per week. To ensure that you don’t overdo it, talk to your doctor before starting an exercise program. 

Vacuum erectile devices

Also called penis pumps, vacuum erectile devices (VEDs) are available over the counter and allow you to get an erection within minutes. After placing a tube over the penis, you squeeze a pump to pull air out of the tube. This creates a vacuum that draws blood into the penis. A ring at the base of the penis keeps the blood in place, but it should be removed within 30 minutes to avoid bruising. 

Eroxon Stimgel (MED3000)

MED3000, also called Eroxon Stimgel, is a relatively new OTC treatment for ED. A pea-sized amount of gel is applied to the head of the penis, where it stimulates nerve endings as it evaporates. It should lead to an erection within 10 minutes.  

Eroxon is safe to use with latex condoms and lubricants. Reported side effects include headache and a burning sensation on the penis. It’s safe to use without a condom and before oral sex. 

“It works by temperature changes, which dissipate pretty quickly,” says Yip, noting that, according to Eroxon’s safety data, only 0.5 percent of female partners reported a minimal burning sensation from the product. 

Talk to your doctor about erectile dysfunction medication

OTC erectile dysfunction pills and supplements promise convenience but don’t offer fast, reliable, or safe results. The best solution is to talk to your doctor about your ED symptoms. They’ll consider your other medications, health concerns, and the cause of your ED to recommend a safe treatment plan.

According to the urologists we’ve interviewed, most will recommend lifestyle changes to control ED long-term. However, they usually aren’t opposed to starting patients on a PDE5 inhibitor like Viagra or Cialis to give quick, confidence-boosting results. These pills are also considered safe to take long-term, although there’s a risk of developing psychological dependence on them. In contrast, it can take weeks for dietary supplements to improve ED, and information about long-term safety often isn’t known. 

We know it’s awkward to talk about erectile dysfunction, but it’s the best way to get help. Something that’s critical to your identity, self-esteem, and well-being isn’t working right, and you deserve an effective, safe treatment. OTC ED pills don’t meet that criteria.

Get an erectile dysfunction prescription online

Sometimes it’s easier to discuss ED with a telehealth provider. Online platforms like Hims allow you to request an erectile dysfunction prescription and have it discreetly shipped to your door every month. 

To get started, you need to fill out a health survey, indicate your preferred medication (usually Viagra, Cialis, or their generic counterparts), upload a photo ID, and supply your payment information. A doctor then reviews your information, schedules a phone or video consultation if needed (or required by law), and either approves, modifies, or rejects your prescription request.

Although convenient, these online platforms typically charge premium prices for ED medications. Talking to your regular doctor and bringing the prescription to your preferred pharmacy can save you money in the long run.

The Handbook Team has reviewed online ED medication platforms’ policies, prices, and customer service features to help you choose one that meets your needs. Here are some of the best options:

  • Hims.
  • Sesame.
  • Roman.
  • Optum Store.
  • RedBox Rx.

HelpGuide Handbook’s erectile dysfunction testing methodology

The Handbook Team tested 26 telehealth platforms that offer prescription medication for erectile dysfunction. Our team acted as mystery shoppers to compare each platform’s screening process, navigation, cost, delivery time, and restrictions. Our testers completed the sign-up process, filled out questionnaires, clicked through all educational information, and noted available medications and dosages. 

To learn about what happens after someone submits their information to a provider, our team also surveyed 360 men who have purchased erectile dysfunction medication online. The team also held multiple focus groups with real users to get more candid responses about the effects of erectile dysfunction treatment.

To learn more about how we review ED medication platforms and treatments, read our full erectile dysfunction methodology.

Compare prescription ED treatments

Provider Types of sildenafil offered Cost of consultation Cost per pill for sildenafil* Cost per pill for Viagra Visit Site
Generic sildenafil, Viagra Free $4–$8 $139 Visit Site
Generic sildenafil Varies by provider $5/30-day supply, determined by provider N/A Visit Site
Generic sildenafil, Viagra Free $4–$10 $90 Visit Site
Generic sildenafil, Viagra First visit free; Follow-up consultations $15 $6–$10 $80 Visit Site
Generic sildenafil, Viagra Free $1–$10 $70 Visit Site

*Cost per pill varies based on prescription strength and quantity

Frequently asked questions

No, Viagra (sildenafil) is only available with a prescription in the United States.

You may be able to improve vascular-based erectile dysfunction by adopting a healthy diet, following a moderately intense workout schedule, and quitting cigarettes. Reducing stress, learning more about sex, and improving communication with your partner can improve ED that’s rooted in anxiety and other psychological factors. 

You should always talk to a doctor because your erectile dysfunction could be caused by a hormone imbalance or neurological damage.

Studies show that a few dietary supplements can improve ED symptoms, but these aren’t necessarily safe to use for a prolonged period. They can also be dangerous when taken in combination with certain medications or by people with certain health conditions. Despite their OTC availability, natural supplements for ED shouldn’t be taken without approval from your doctor.

Nothing OTC works like Viagra, Cialis, and other PDE5 inhibitors for ED. Instead, you can use a vacuum erectile device or MED3000 gel to get an erection within minutes once you’re ready to have sex.

  1. Allen, M.S., and Tostes, R.C. (2023). Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: An updated review with a focus on pathophysiology, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 11(1), 61-73. Link
  2. Allen, M.S. (2019). Physical activity as an adjunct treatment for erectile dysfunction. Nature Reviews Urology, 16(9), 553-562. Link
  3. Aphrodyne Side Effects. (2023, June 11). Drugs.com. Link
  4. Ashwagandha: Is it Helpful for Stress, Anxiety, or Sleep? (2023, Oct. 24). National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Link
  5. Asian Ginseng. (n.d.). Mount Sinai. Link
  6. Asian Ginseng. (2020, Aug.). National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Link
  7. Bagur, M. J., Alonso Salinas, G. L., Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., Chaouqi, S., Llorens, S., Martínez-Tomé, M., & Alonso, G. L. (2018). Saffron: An Old Medicinal Plant and a Potential Novel Functional Food. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(1). Link
  8. Bauer, S. R., Breyer, B. N., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., and Kenfield, S. A. (2020). Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. JAMA Network Open, 3(11). Link
  9. Burnett, A. L., Nehra, A., Breau, R. H., Culkin, D. J., Faraday, M. M., Hakim, L. S., Heidelbaugh, J., Khera, M., McVary, K. T., Miner, M. M., Nelson, C. J., Sadeghi-Hejad, H., Seftel, A. D., and Shindel, A. W. (2018). Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline. Journal of Urology, 200, 633. Link
  10. Canguven, O., and Al Malki, A. H. (2021). Vitamin D and Male Erectile Function: An Updated Review. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 39(1), 31-37. Link
  11. Chauhan, S., Srivastava, M.K., and Pathak, A.K. (2022). Effect of standardized root extract of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on well-being and sexual performance in adult males: A randomized controlled trial. Health Science Reports, 5(4), e741. Link
  12. Chen, C., Zhai, H., Cheng, J., Weng, P., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Wang, C., Xia, F., Wang, N., and Lu, Y. (2019). Causal link between vitamin D and total testosterone in men: A Mendelian randomization analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 104(8), 3148–3156 Link
  13. Chen, J., Wollman, Y., Chernichovsky, T., Iaina, A., Sofer, M., and Matzkin, H. (1999). Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJUI International, 83(3), 269-273. Link
  14. Choi, H. K., Choi, Y. J., and Kim, Y. J. (2003). Penile blood change after oral medication of Korean red ginseng in erectile dysfunction patients. Journal of Ginseng Research, 27(4), 165-170. Link
  15. Choi, Y.D., Park, C.W., Jang, J., Kim, S.H., Jeon, H.Y., Kim, W.G., Lee, S.J., and Chung, W.S. (2013). Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 25(2), 45-50. Link
  16. Cito, G., Cocci, A., Micelli, E., Gabutti, A., Russo, G. I., Coccia, M. E., Franco, G., Serni, S., Carini, M., and Natali, A. (2020). Vitamin D and male fertility: An updated review. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 38(2), 164-177. Link
  17. Cohen, P.A., Wang, Y.H., Maller, G., DeSouza, R., and Khan, I.A. (2016). Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA. Drug Testing and Analysis, 8(3-4), 357–369. Link
  18. Cyranoski, D. (2005). Malaysian researchers bet big on home-grown Viagra. Nature Medicine. Link
  19. EFSA panel on food additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS). (2013). Scientific opinion on the evaluation of the safety in use of yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille). EFSA Journal, 11(7), 3302. Link
  20. Elterman, D.S., Bhattacharyya, S.K., Mafilios, M., Woodward, E., Nitschelm, K., & Burnett, A.L. (2021). The quality of life and economic burden of erectile dysfunction. Research and Reports in Urology, 13: 79–86. Link
  21. Facts about dietary supplements. (2023, May 16). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Link
  22. Feldman, H.A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichristou, D.G., Krane, R.J., & McKinlay, J.B. (1994, January 1). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts male aging study. Journal of Urology, 151(1): 54–61. Link
  23. Fode, M., Nolsøe, A.B., Jacobsen, F.M., Russo, G.I., Østergren, P.B., Jensen, C.F.S., Albersen, M., Capogrosso, P., & Sønksen, J. (2020, June 24). Quality of information in YouTube videos on erectile dysfunction. Sexual Medicine, 8(3): 408–413. Link
  24. Frequently asked questions about Eroxon Stimgel. (n.d.). Eroxon Stimgel. Link
  25. Futura Medical, PLC. (2023, June 12). US FDA grants for over-the-counter marketing authorization to Futura for fast-acting topical gel, MED3000, to treat erectile dysfunction [Press release]. Link
  26. GamalEl Din, S.F., Abdel Salam, M.A., Mohamed, M.S., Ahmed, A.R., Motawaa, A.T., Saadeldin, O.A., and Elnabarway, R.R. (2018). Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled study. Urologia Journal, 86(2). Link
  27. Harte, C.B., and Meston, C.M. (2008). Acute effects of nicotine on physiological and subjective sexual arousal in nonsmoking men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(1), 110. Link
  28. How does sugar affect your heart health? (2023, Sept. 14). Scripps Medical Foundation. Link
  29. Ismail, S. B., Mohammad, W. M., George, A., Hussain, N. H., Kamal, Z. M., and Liske, E. (2012). Randomized clinical trial on the use of PHYSTA freeze-dried water extract of Eurycoma longifolia for the improvement of quality of life and sexual well-being in men. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Link
  30. Jang, J., Lee, M.S., Shin, C., Lee, C., and Ernst, E. (2008). Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 66(4), 444-450. Link
  31. Kamenov, Z., Fileva, S., Kalinov, K., and Jannini, E. A. (2017). Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction—a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Maturitas, 99(), 20-26. Link
  32. Kearney, T., Tu, N., and Haller, C. (2010). Adverse drug events associated with yohimbine-containing products: a retrospective review of the California Poison Control System reported cases. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 44(6), 1022–1029. Link
  33. Kim, H., Jeon, S.H., Hahn, J., Paek, Y., Park, J.K., Youn, N.Y., and Lee, L. (2009). Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract on male patients with erectile dysfunction. Asian Journal of Andrology, 11(3), 356-361. Link
  34. Klotz, T., Mathers, M.J., Braun, M., Bloch, W., and Engelmann, U. (2000). Effectiveness of oral L-Arginine in first-line treatment of erectile dysfunction in a controlled crossover study. Urologia Internationalis, 63(4), 220-223. Link
  35. Know your risk for heart disease. (2023, Mar. 21). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Link
  36. Kunelius, P., Häkkinen, J., and Lukkarinen, O. (1997). Is high-dose yohimbine hydrochloride effective in the treatment of mixed-type impotence? A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blind crossover study. Urology, 49(3), 441-444. Link
  37. Leisegang, K., & Finelli, R. (2021). Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Arab Journal of Urology, 19(3), 323–339. Link
  38. Leitão, A. E., de Souza Vieira, M. C., Pelegrini, A., da Silva, E. L., and de Azevedo Guimarães, A. C. (2020). A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) and concurrent training on erectile function and testosterone levels in androgen deficiency of aging males (ADAM). Maturitas, 145(), 78-85. Link
  39. Mamidi, P., and Thakar, A. B. (2011). Efficacy of Ashqagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. AYU, 32(3), 322-328. Link
  40. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023, Aug. 10). L-arginine. Mayo Clinic. Link
  41. Menafra, D., de Angelis, C., Garifalos, F., Mazzella, M., Galdiero, G., Piscopo, M., Castoro, M., Verde, N., Pivonello, C., Simeoli, C., Auriemma, R.S., Colao, A., and Pivonello, R. (2022). Long-term high-dose L-arginine supplementation in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 45(), 941-961. Link
  42. Mikulska, P., Malinowska, M., Ignacyk, M., Szustowski, P., Nowak, J., Pesta, K., Szeląg, M., Szklanny, D., Judasz, E., Kaczmarek, G., Ejiohuo, O. P., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Gościniak, A., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2023). Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)—Current research on the health-promoting activities: A narrative review. Pharmaceutics, 15(4). Link
  43. Modabbernia, A., Sohrabi, H., Nasehi, A. A., Raisi, F., Saroukhani, S., Jamshidi, A., Tabrizi, M., Ashrafi, M., and Akhondzadeh, S. (2012). Effect of saffron on fluoxetine-induced sexual impairment in men: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 223(), 381-388. Link
  44. Molinari, C., Uberti, F., Grossini, E., Vacca, G., Carda, S., Invernizzi, M., & Cisari, C. (2011). 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 27(6), 661–668. Link
  45. Morales, A., Condra, M., Owen, J.A., Surridge, D.H., Fenemore, J., and Harris, C. (1987). Is yohimbine effective in the treatment of organic Impotence? Results of a controlled trial. Journal of Urology, 137(6), 1168-1172. Link
  46. Najafabadi, B. T., Farsinejad, M., Shokraee, K., Momtazmanesh, S., Violette, P. D., Esalatmanesh, S., Kashani, L., Jafarinia, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2022). Possible effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 32, 100551. Link
  47. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2022, August 8). Tribulus. LiverTox – NCBI Bookshelf. Link
  48. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019, May 2). Ashwagandha. LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury Link
  49. Petre, G. C., Francini-Pesenti, F., Vitagliano, A., Grande, G., Ferlin, A., and Garolla, A. (2023). Dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction: Analysis of marketed products, systematic review, meta-analysis and rational use. Nutrients, 15(17), 3677. Link
  50. Platinum 69000 Rhino 69 contains hidden drug ingredient. (2023, May 5). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Link
  51. Pokrywka, A., Obmiński, Z., Malczewska-Lenczowska, J., Fijałek, Z., Turek-Lepa, E., and Grucza, R. (2014). Insights into supplements with Tribulus Terrestris used by athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 41, 99-105. Link
  52. Potenza, M.A., Montagnani, M., Santacroce, L., Charitos, I.A., and Bottalico, L. (2023). Ancient herbal therapy: A brief history of Panax ginseng. Journal of Ginseng Research, 47(3), 359-365. Link
  53. Pycnogenol. (n.d.). RxList. Link
  54. Reid, K., Morales, A., Harris, C., Surridge, D. H. C., Condra, M., Owen, J., and Fenemore, J. (1987). Double-blind trial of yohimbine in treatment of psychogenic impotence. The Lancet, 330(8556), 421-423. Link
  55. Saffron. (n.d.). RxList. Link
  56. Said, M.M., Gibbons, S., Moffat, A.C., and Zloh, M. (2014). Rapid detection of sildenafil analogue in Eurycoma longifolia products using a new two-tier procedure of the near infrared (NIR) spectra database. Food Chemistry, 158, 296–301. Link
  57. Santos, C., Reis, L., Destro-Saade, R., Luiza-Reis, A., and Fregonesi, A. (2014). Tribulus terrestris versus placebo en el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil: Un estudio aleatorizado, prospectivo y doble ciego. Actas UrolóGicas EspañOlas, 38(4), 244-248. Link
  58. Shamsa, A., Hosseinzadeh, H., Molaei, M., Shakeri, M.T., and Rajabi, O. (2009). Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study. Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 16(8), 690–693. Link
  59. Stanislavov, R., and Nikolova, V. (2003). Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 29(3), 207–213. Link
  60. Tian, Y., Zhou, Q., Li, W., Liu, M., Li, Q., & Qiu, C. (2023). Efficacy of L-arginine and Pycnogenol ® in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14. Link
  61. Tongkat Ali. (n.d.). Medscape. Link
  62. Top 10 things to know about the Second Edition of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. (2021, Aug. 25). Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Link
  63. Trebaticky, B., Muchova, J., Ziaran, S., Bujdak, P., Breza, J., and Durackova, Z. (2019). Natural polyphenols improve erectile function and lipid profile in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 120(12), 941–944. Link
  64. Tribulus terrestris. (n.d.). Science Direct. Link
  65. Tribulus terrestris. (2023, May 12). Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Link
  66. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, Nov. 27). FDA warns consumers to avoid Rhino male enhancement products found at retailers because of undeclared and potentially dangerous drug ingredients [Press release]. Link
  67. Vogt, H., Brandl, P., Kockott, G., Schmitz, J., Wiegand, M., Schadrack, J., and Gierend, M. (1997). Double-blind, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy trial with yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 9(3), 155-161. Link
  68. What Is Cholesterol? (2020, Nov. 6). American Heart Association. Link
  69. Yohimbe. (2020, Nov.). National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Link